Altai Law Journal of Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia
Altai Law Journal

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Oksana E. Avilova Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia avilova-oksana@rambler.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6970-6904
Olga A. Blinova Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia boa334@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9417-4460

    • Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the organizational and legal foundations for the formation of legal consciousness of students in higher education institutions at the current stage of development of the Russian state. The authors analyzed the current legislation, including federal state educational standards, for the purpose of reflecting new guidelines of the state policy of Russia in relation to the formation of legal consciousness of Russian students. The efforts of higher education institutions to form students’ legal consciousness are considered in the article from the standpoint of legal education and legal training. It is concluded that the organizational and legal foundations for the formation of legal feelings and ideas in students should be subordinated to the tasks of the ethization of law and the need to revive spiritual and moral values in Russian society. Keywords: legal consciousness, legal education, legal education, higher education, cultural and historical identity For citation: Avilova O. E., Blinova O. A. Organizational and legal foundations for the formation of legal consciousness of students of higher education institutions. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:7–14 (In Russ.).

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Vasilij V. Baburin Omsk Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Omsk, Russia, vvbaburin@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article examines a complex of issues related to the characteristics of the content of modern legal norms, using the example of the analysis of criminal law norms. It describes the relationship between the content of criminal law norms and the content of criminal law as an independent branch of law. The article explores the essence of protective and regulatory criminal law norms and reveals their characteristic features. It also attempts to determine the relationship between criminal law norms and sub-branches of criminal law. The article highlights the importance of improving the content of specific criminal law norms and their types for the development of the modern Russian criminal law system. Keywords: criminal law, legal norm, criminal law norm, content of a criminal law norm, types of criminal law norms, protective criminal law norm, restorative criminal law norm For citation: Baburin V. V. Content of Industrial Legal Norms (on the Example of Criminal Legal Norms). Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:15–23 (In Russ.).

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Viktor N. Borkov Omsk Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Omsk, Russia, borkovv@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-7583-5665
Sergey E. Suverov Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, s.suverovse95@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0003-2870-9276

    • Abstract. The article analyzes the content of the general legal principle of justice and its specific reflection in the criminal law of Russia. The focus is not only on the legal definition contained in the norms of law, but also on its actual implementation in law enforcement activities. The manifestation of this principle in the field of law under consideration is examined through the implementation of legal responsibility and its perception by legal entities: the establishment of a criminal prohibition or the refusal to do so (criminalization/decriminalization); the establishment of legal consequences for a person who has committed a crime (including penalization/depenalization); the actual implementation of norms, taking into account the discretion of the law enforcement officer; and the perception of the final legal decision by victims, society, and individuals who have committed crimes as being proportionate to the crime committed. The article proposes ways to amend the criminal law in accordance with the theoretical and legal understanding of the principle of justice. Keywords: principles of law, justice, criminal policy, criminal law impact, proportionality For citation: Borkov V. N., Suverov S. E. Theoretical and legal aspects of the principle of justice in the application of criminal law measures. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:24–30 (In Russ.).

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Sergey V. Moiseev Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, moiseev-tpg@rambler.ru

    • Abstract. The author analyzes the causes and features of the spread and establishment of Islam in the state formations of Central Asia and the territories of the Russian state adjacent to them, as well as the role and place of this religion in the process of development of state and social institutions. The functions of religion, derived from the spread and interaction with society and made up, in the historical periods under consideration, provide an opportunity to most fully understand the degree, nature and features of the influence of Islam. Without fully understanding the past of religion, it is impossible to fully understand its actual position. Keywords: Islam, state, laws, religion, pan-Islamism, social functions of religion, Muslims, Central Asia, Arab caliphate, the Russian Empire For citation: Moiseev S. V. Features of the spread of Islam in the territory of Central Asia and the Russian state in the pre-revolutionary period: historical and theoretical aspects. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:31–36 (In Russ.).

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Alevtina V. Nikulina Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, alik-112@yandex.ru

    • Abstract. The article focuses on the fact that in today's reality, human rights affect all areas of public life without exception, serving as both a value guideline and a legal tool for solving domestic and international issues. In order to use this tool effectively, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the essence of human rights. Therefore, the author analyzes the concept of "human rights" through the lens of classical theories of legal understanding. In the course of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the history and theory of legal thought are permeated with the struggle between two opposing types of legal understanding: natural law and positivism. However, the main problem of this rivalry is the disregard for cultural, historical, and other factors. The author suggests a solution to this problem through the symbiosis of natural and positive law, which could potentially serve as a means of achieving justice in law based on cultural and moral principles. Keywords: law, human rights, legal understanding, natural law, benefit, positivist approach, lphilosophical approach, sociological approach For citation: Nikulina A. V. Human rights in the light of classical theories of legal understanding. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:37–42 (In Russ.).

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL LAW SCIENCES
Alexandra V. Pampura Leninsky District Court of Lugansk, Lugansk, Russia, seskеnderova@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article analyzes the problem of the lack of a clear definition of “self-employment” in the legislation, which complicates the legal identification of this citizen category. The authors analyze the consequences of this gap, including the uncertainty of the legal status and the increase in the number of disputes. Statistical data on the number of self-employed persons and tax revenues has been provided. The work analyzes the features of the legal status of self-employed citizens, problems arising in the process of applying the legislation, as well as prospects for further improvement of the legal regulation of this economy sector. Particular attention has been paid to the issues of protecting consumer rights when interacting with self-employed persons and the liability of the self-employed for violation of obligations. Keywords: self-employment, professional income tax, legal regulation, self-employed status, judicial practice For citation: Pampura A. V., Golubtsova O. A. Starovoitova Y. G. Legal aspects of regulating the activities of persons registered as payers of professional income tax (self-employed). Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:43–50 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Viktor L. Akapyev Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Belgorod, Russia akapevv@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0560-8117
Ekaterina G. Kovaleva Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Belgorod, Russia kovalevazchs@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-5163
Alexander V. Borisenko Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Belgorod, Russia borisenko02.94@mail.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2539-3096

    • Abstract. The article discusses current issues related to the dissemination of illegal content on the Internet and methods of combating it by voluntary associations. The research is aimed at studying the experience of voluntary associations. Voluntary associations have been formed on the basis of higher educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, such as the Cyber Police Club. The main task is to assist territorial authorities in identifying illegal content on the Internet. To conduct the research, a comprehensive methodology was applied, including a dialectical-materialistic approach and comparative methods. In the modern world, the key task of law enforcement agencies is to control materials entering the global network, including messengers, social networks and video hosting sites. Keywords: cybersecurity, Cyber Police club, voluntary associations, illegal content, cyber-volunteering For citation: Akapyev V. L., Kovaleva E. G., Borisenko A. V. Illegal content on the Internet and methods of combating it by voluntary associations. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:51–61 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Alexej G. Grishakov Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, grishakovag@buimvd.ru

    • Abstract. The article lists and explains the administrative and legal norms of certain federal laws that regulate the interdepartmental cooperation between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in obtaining information about individuals who are subject to registration by police district commissioners in order to monitor them and carry out preventive work in the administrative territory. Keywords: administrative area, medical confidentiality, offense, district police officer, personal data protection, preventive work, list registration, mental disorders that pose a danger to others, patients with alcoholism or drug addiction, law enforcement activities For citation: Grishakov A. G. Preventive activities of the police station authorized police officer in the context of listing some categories of persons. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:62– 68 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Vladimir I. Evtushenko Department for Archives of the Belgorod region, Belgorod, Russia, 77712@live.ru Putilin Belgorod Law Institute of Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Belgorod, Russia
Olga A. Dizer Omsk Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Omsk, Russia, oadizer-24@mail.ru

    • Abstract. In recent years, another type of migration process has gradually begun to be distinguished from environmental migration, which has its origins on a more global scale – forced movement of people due to climate change and the threats to human life and health caused by it. This type of migration at the level of documents of international organizations, resolutions of international forums and individual scientific studies on this problem has received the name “climate migration”. Considering that environmental and climate migrations, although similar to each other, are still different types of migration processes, in order to resolve issues of reception and organization of assistance in settling in a new place of residence of these categories of migrants, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for legal regulation of their recognition as forced migrants, taking into account the characteristics of each category. Keywords: ecological migration, ecological migrant, climate migration, climate migrant, forced migration, global warming, emergency situations of natural and man-made nature For citation: Evtushenko V. I., Dizer O. A. Ecological and climatic migration: comparative legal analysis. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:69–75 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Eduard Yu. Ermakov Altai Regional Court, Barnaul, Russia

    • Abstract. The article examines the evolution of the status of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and its acquisition of a new role in the domestic justice system as a result of the constitutional reform of 2020. The author analyzes the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as amendments and additions to the Federal Constitutional Law of the Russian Federation dated July 21, 1994 No. 1-FKZ "On the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation", which, when interpreted systematically, allow us to conclude that there is a qualitative restructuring of the relationship between the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and courts of general jurisdiction in the field of judicial rule control, based on the general task of constitutionalizing the domestic judicial system, including the need to unify legal positions. It is noted that the Constitutional Court of Russia is endowed with powers that allow it to be described as a kind of "supreme constitutional court of cassation". Keywords: Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, judicial norm control, constitutionalization, judicial system, constitutional rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens For citation: Ermakov E. Yu. New role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the process of convergence of constitutional and general judicial norm control. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:76–81 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Elena V. Kovaleva Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, ev_kovaleva01@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article examines the legal nature and procedure for the forced opening of vehicles as a measure of state coercion in the activities of certain law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study stems from the need to strike a balance between the efficiency of law enforcement activities and the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights, including the right to inviolability of private property. Through an analysis of law enforcement practices, the article proposes legislative amendments aimed at harmonizing regulations for the MVD and FSB. Specifically, it advocates for the introduction of a dedicated provision in the Federal Law «On the Federal Security Service» governing forced vehicle entry, as well as a supplementary clause in the Federal Law «On Police» regulating the application of this measure in counterterrorism operations. Keywords: state coercion, forced vehicle entry, law enforcement agencies, MVD, FSB, legal regulation, constitutional rights, public safety For citation: Kovaleva E. V. Forced entry into vehicles as a coercive measure applied by certain law enforcement officers. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:82–88 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Oleg A. Kozhevnikov Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, Yekaterinburg, Russia Ural State University of Economics, Yekaterinburg, Russia, jktu1976@yandex.ru

    • Abstract. In conditions of extreme turbulence of the international, economic and military situation in the world, the issues of national security of our state require increased attention not only from law-making bodies, but also from researchers. In this article, the author attempts to analyze certain provisions of the legislation on national security in the Russian Federation and, above all, the act of the Head of State, which establishes the basic mechanisms and guidelines for ensuring the security of the Russian Federation at the current stage of statehood development. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that there are serious «gaps» in the subordinate legal regulation of national security issues and the need to eliminate them as soon as possible and ensure the unity of the legal space in the field of regulatory regulation of issues and mechanisms of national security in the Russian Federation. Keywords: Constitution, unity of the legal space, national security, President of the Russian Federation, public authorities, national security strategy For citation: Kozhevnikov O. A. National security: some issues of content and legal regulation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:89–93 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Andrej M. Pavljuchenko Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, a_pavlyuchenko1997@mail.ru
Kirill A. Shelepov Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Barnaul, Barnaul, Russia, shelepov.bui@yandex.ru

    • Abstract. The article analyzes the legal regulation of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation. It evaluates and interprets the experience of foreign countries in the context of using the capabilities of artificial intelligence in Russia's law enforcement activities. The article examines the regulatory legal acts that currently govern the functioning of artificial intelligence in our country. The paper highlights promising areas where it is advisable to use artificial intelligence in the context of law enforcement in the Russian Federation. The article concludes with a discussion of the existing challenges that require adjustments from legislative and executive authorities. Finally, the article proposes an author's project for implementing artificial intelligence technologies in police operations. Keywords: artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence technologies, legal regulation, law enforcement agencies For citation: Pavljuchenko A. M., Shelepov K. A. Analysis of the use of artificial intelligence technologies by law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:94–102 (In Russ.).

PUBLIC LAW (STATE LAW) SCIENCES
Anneta M. Shaganyan Ural Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Yekaterinburg, Russia, sha-anneta@mail.ru
Olesya D. Ovchinnikova Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, оlesya901@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article examines the regulatory requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation governing the algorithms and procedure for attracting foreign specialists to the Russian Federation, the rules of employment and dismissal. The authors consider mandatory legal norms prescribing to the employer the obligation to perform certain actions aimed at legalizing stay, registering foreign specialists for various types of registration, hiring them and dismissing them. In addition, cases of imposition of the obligation to perform the above actions independently by a foreign specialist have also been identified. The authors conclude that the existing algorithms for registering a foreign citizen engaged as an employee on migration registration, registration with a tax authority, the procedure for notifying employment contracts, dismissals, etc. are fairly transparent and easily achievable within a reasonable time frame established by law. Keywords: foreign specialist, migrant, migrant worker, employer, migration registration, highly qualified specialist For citation: Shaganyan A. M., Ovchinnikova O. D. Procedure for attracting foreign citizens to labor activities: regulatory regimen and problems of implementation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:103–111 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Vyacheslav Yu. Babanin Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Krasnodar, Russia, vbabanin19@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article presents the results of a comprehensive criminal law study of the objective elements of the crime of failing to provide medical care to a patient. The study analyzes certain legal provisions related to the provision of medical care. The study identifies significant elements of the act and emphasizes the importance of establishing them in relation to the socially dangerous consequences and causal relationships provided for in the criminal law. The study also explores the legally significant aspects of inaction as a form of criminal behavior by a person who is obligated to provide medical care to a patient. The study examines the key conditions for criminal liability in this type of crime. It is noted that the failure to provide medical assistance to a patient should be understood as the complete or partial failure to carry out the medical measures required in a particular situation. Special attention is paid to the causal relationship in the context of failing to provide medical assistance to a patient, and the criteria for establishing this relationship are defined. Keywords: failure to assist sick person, inaction, public danger, causation, medicine, health protection, medical care For citation: Babanin V. Yu. Failure to assist sick person: problematic aspects of the objective side of the crime. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:112–117 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Аnastasiya A. Bondareva Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Russia, Barnaul, anastasiya.bondareva2906@gmail.com

    • Abstract. The author draws attention to the content of legislatively established requirements that allow exempting persons who have committed crimes under Art. 322.2 «Fictitious registration of a citizen of the Russian Federation at the place of stay or at the place of residence in a residential building in the Russian Federation and fictitious registration of a foreign citizen or stateless person at the place of residence in a residential building in the Russian Federation» and Art. 322.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation «Fictitious registration of a foreign citizen or stateless person at the place of stay in the Russian Federation» from criminal liability. Emphasis is placed on the problem of repeated application of such an incentive provision, which leads to the ineffectiveness of crime prevention by criminal law and requires its revision. In this regard a specific proposal is formulated to solve the identified problem. Keywords: exemption from criminal liability, criminal policy, fictitious registration, foreign citizen For citation: Bondareva A. A. Exemption from criminal liability for crimes in the sphere of violation of migration legislation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:118–124 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Anna G. Bragina Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, agb.06@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article is devoted to the criminal law concept of «justification», which is a feature of the crimes provided for in Art. 205.2, 205.4, 281.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, one of the circumstances aggravating punishment. Its mandatory features are highlighted and analyzed, allowing it to be distinguished from similar categories. It is concluded that justification in criminal law is polysemantic, includes verbal and non-verbal components, and is performed in public. It does not have the formality characteristic of other types of statements mentioned in Russian legislative acts. The specifics of justification always find expression in the signs of the objective and subjective sides of a particular crime, the circumstances of its commission. Keywords: ustification, justification of terrorism, justification of sabotage, crimes against the constitutional order and the security of the state, crimes against public safety For citation: Bragina A. G. Criminal law concept of «justification» and its differentiation from related categories. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:125–131 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Ruslan R. Valyulin Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, valiulinrr86@gmail.com

    • Abstract. The article explores the phenomenon of the increasing role of the resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation (GP RF) in the regulation of criminal procedural relations. An original five-criteria classification of GP RF used in criminal proceedings is developed. In parallel, the article solves the problem of determining the hierarchical place of GP RF in the system of subordinate regulation of the criminal process. A comparative analysis of the legal force and regulatory impact of the Federal Law, Presidential Decrees, decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, acts of the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation, and departmental regulations has been conducted. The article concludes that the Federal Law has a de facto priority over other subordinate acts in the field under study (including acts of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Prosecutor General’s Office), while maintaining their subordination to the law. Keywords: criminal proceedings, sub-legal regulatory legal act, resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation, classification, departmental act, delegated legislation For citation: Valyulin R. R. Decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation in criminal proceedings: multicriteria classification and hierarchy in the system of sublegislative regulation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:132–139 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Olga V. Ermakova Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, ermakova_alt@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The author identifies and analyzes certain shortcomings in the legislative regulation of the composition of taking a bribe. Using examples of judicial practice, the author demonstrates the negative consequences of the existing description of the features in the form of an object, a socially dangerous act. In particular, the author argues that the use of civil law concepts, which do not have a clear understanding even within the relevant field of law, is unsuccessful. Based on the rules of legal technique, the author notes the violations committed in the differentiation of criminal liability, clearly manifested in the allocation of Art. 291.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the problem of establishing the evaluative features of "general patronage" and "general connivance". Keywords: bribery, legal technique, legislative regulation, modeling of the composition of receiving a bribe For citation: Ermakova O. V. Features of modelling the composition of bribery taking: critical analysis from the position of legal technique. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:140–146 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Ilja N. Zavarykin Siberian Law Institute of Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russia, Krasnoyarsk, Russia, criminal-man@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article analyzes the existing patterns of drug-related crimes that have developed in the Russian Federation over the past ten years, with the aim of predicting their future trends, considering possible criminological risks and planning directions for combating illicit drug trafficking. Keywords: patterns of drug-related crimes, forecasting drug-related crimes, criminological risks For citation: Zavarykin I. N. Criminological patterns and forecasting drug-related crime (in the context of articles 228, 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:147–151 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Aleksej S. Knjaz'kov Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia ask011050@yandex.ru
Marina S. Matvejchuk Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia marina-odinokikh@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The authors examine the specifics of conducting a crime scene inspection in cases of illegal hunting, with a particular focus on organizing the inspection in areas where natural processes may lead to the loss or alteration of crime traces. The article analyzes the procedural stages of the inspection, which determine the selection and application of tactical methods aimed at identifying cause-and-effect and other connections between elements of the forensic characteristics of poaching, taking into account the specifics of this type of environmental crime. Keywords: environmental crimes, illegal hunting, crime scene inspection, forensic tactics, tactical methods, elements of the forensic characteristics of a crime For citation: Problems of crime scene inspection in cases of illegal hunting as an environmental crime. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:152–160 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Alina A. Lukyanova Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, lok_doc@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article is devoted to the problems of implementing the right to judicial protection through participation (presence) in a court hearing of a person in relation to whom the court, within the framework of criminal procedural activity, is considering an issue related to the restriction of rights. The author differentiates two procedures: consideration of a criminal case on the merits by the court of first instance and the decision on the issue of both recognizing a person as guilty and imposing a punishment within the limits of the exercise of powers provided for in paragraph 1 of part 1 of Article 29 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation; consideration by the court of the issue of a preventive measure during pretrial proceedings within the limits of the exercise of powers provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of Part 2 of Article 29 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. The paper formulates proposals for improving the procedure for in absentia trial (court hearing), aimed at increasing the level of legal protection of the individual. Keywords: trial, right to defense, criminal proceedings, participation in a court hearing For citation: Lukyanova A. A. Participation in a trial (court hearing) as a component of the right to judicial protection in criminal proceedings. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:161– 167 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Maria A. Maletina Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, mamaletina85@mail.ru
Galina N. Mironova Omsk Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Omsk, Russia, mgn2007@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article, based on official statistical data from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for the past 5 years, defines the main quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crime in the sphere of illegal migration, as well as migrant crime in Russia. Based on the conducted research, the features of migrant crime are highlighted, consisting in an increase in the proportion of foreign citizens and stateless persons, including those under the age of majority, in the total number of identified persons who committed crimes on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as their predominant commission of crimes against public safety and administrative order, which, given the increased public danger, requires the state to carry out preventive measures. Keywords: illegal migration, crimes in the sphere of illegal migration, state of migrant crime, structure of migrant crime For citation: Maletina M. A., Mironova G. N. Impact of illegal migration on the crime situation in Russia. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:168–174 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Zinaida A. Neznamova Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, Yekaterinburg, Russia nza001@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5422-9829
Evgeniya E. Melyukhanova Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, Yekaterinburg, Russia melyukhanova@list.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0905-0480

    • Abstract. The article considers the problem of the need for an economic justification of the institution of criminal punishment. Today, economic problems are an obstacle to improving the institution of criminal punishment. Economic factors should be the starting point, not the final stage of the reforms. It is necessary to proceed from the existing economic conditions and create initial economically sound development strategies. The authors conclude that only if there is an economic justification for the type and size of the punishment being imposed, as well as the conditions for its execution, is it possible for the penitentiary system to function economically. According to the authors, the criminal law should include the legal, social and economic goals of punishment. The economic purpose of criminal punishment has two aspects: economically justified appointment and economically justified execution of punishment. Keywords: criminal law, institute of criminal punishment, penitentiary system, economic factors, economic justification, goals of punishment, economic purpose of punishment For citation: Neznamova Z. A., Melyukhanova E. E. Economic component of the institution of punishment. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:175–180 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Margarita Yu. Puchnina Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Voronezh, Russia masloy100@mail.ru
Alexander V. Puchnin Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Voronezh, Russia lex-puch@yandex.ru

    • Abstract. In the context of escalating threats posed by extremism and terrorist activities, special attention has been paid to the issue of juveniles being drawn into extremist groups. Adolescents’ involvement in radical behavior, aggressive ideological communities, and the planning of attacks against various targets, including educational institutions, raises urgent questions for preventive systems, law enforcement agencies, and society as a whole. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the main traits of the juvenile extremist’s personality, propose a classification and typology of such individuals, and determine the factors and conditions that contribute to the formation of extremist attitudes. The problem of the research is the need to develop a holistic approach to characterizing this kind of individuals, which involves identifying key features and typological groups, analyzing digital markers on the Internet, as well as describing the conditions for the formation of extremist orientation in adolescents. Keywords: juvenile extremist, criminological characteristics, adolescent radicalization, school shootings, personality typology, extremism prevention, criminology, online markers For citation: Puchnina M. Yu., Puchnin A. V. Criminological characteristics of the juvenile extremist: typologies, markers, and formation factors. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:181– 188 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Ruslan A. Semenyuk Altai Institute of Economics — branch of St. Petersburg University of Management Technologies and Economics, Barnaul, Russia, ruslanbarnaul@mail.ru
Alexandr F. Fedorov Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, fedoroffaf@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem related to the activities of “black diggers”, examines the social danger of such activities and the peculiarities of persons engaged in illegal excavations. On this basis, the author’s concept of the crime of “black diggers” is given, the legal basis for countering activities related to the illegal search or seizure of archaeological objects from their sites is defined, and a set of measures has been developed to prevent the illegal activities of “black diggers”. The present study allowed us to conclude that the crime of “black diggers” is proposed to be considered as an independent type of crime in criminology, since it has its own specific features, motives and causes, as well as a set of specific preventive measures. Keywords: black diggers, treasure hunting, identity of diggers, counteraction to illegal archeology For citation: Semenyuk R. A., Fedorov A. F. Activity of «black diggers» as an independent type of crime. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:189–194 (In Russ.).

CRIMINAL LAW SCIENCES
Andrey E. Chechetin Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Barnaul, Russia, achechetin@mail.ru

    • Abstract. The subject of the study is the provisions of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On operational-search activities”, establishing a list of operational-search activities. The purpose of the article is to identify positive experience and shortcomings of legislative regulation of legal relations arising in the process of using operational-search activities in solving problems of combating crime based on a comparative legal analysis of the provisions of the Kazakh and Russian laws “On operational-search activities”. The study allowed us to come to the conclusion that the Kazakh legislator, despite the presence of weaknesses, managed to resolve a number of problems faced by operational-search practice and form a more effective arsenal of means and methods of operational-search activities, and therefore its experience can be used to further improve the Russian operational-search legislation. Keywords: operational-search measures, operational-search activity, individual rights, prosecutor’s sanction For citation: Chechetin A. E. Some features of legislative regulation of operational-search activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;3:195–201 (In Russ.).
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