Abstract. The author attempts to analyze domestic legislation and certain provisions of international law in order to establish the specifics of the legal technique of stating the rules of reservations and establish the relevant patterns. Resorting to the general and special research methodology, including the dialectical approach, comparative legal, formal legal methods, methods of philological interpretation, the most common forms of norms-reservations are argued, as well as the omissions of the legislator that determine legal errors are revealed. The author comes to reasonable conclusions that the technical and legal mediation of the reservation norm should be aimed at the unity of the content of the basic legal regulation and its clarification, detailing, carried out with the help of the reservation norm. Keywords: rule of law, specialization, legislation, reservation rule, legal technique For citation: Gerasimenko Yu. A. Legal technique of fixing the norms of reservations in law: features and patterns. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:5–11 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article examines the essence and place of voluntary people’s guard in the mechanism of public order protection in the Soviet state in the first post-war years. Based on previously unpublished archival materials, the scientific results of identifying the nature of the institute of law enforcementoriented public formations are presented. The fundamental problems of involving Komsomol members in policing are reflected, indicating serious miscalculations in the youth policy of the specified period. The consequences of the independent participation of members of voluntary people’s guard in the protection of order have been studied on real historical facts. The article considers the concept of gradual abandonment of law enforcement agencies in favor of law enforcement-oriented public formations, which was considered quite viable in the historical period under review. By the end of the 1950s, according to the country's leadership, the issue of combating violations of order could not be resolved solely by the courts, the prosecutor's office and the police. In this context, it was noted not only the insufficient involvement of public organizations in this work, but also special powers were given to members of voluntary people’s guard. Keywords: members of voluntary people’s guard, voluntary people’s guard, public order, Komsomol, new Soviet citizen For citation: Kuchin M. V. Participation of working people in the protection of public order in the early post-war period. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:12–17 (In Russ.).

Abstract. This article addresses the pertinent issue of the lack of a unified definition of «legal voting» in legal scholarship. The author argues that despite its fundamental role in legal regulation and widespread use across various branches of law, from constitutional to corporate, legal voting has never been the subject of dedicated research. The article analyzes the social nature of voting, highlighting its key elements, and examines the process of its legalization, emphasizing the specific characteristics of its legal form. A detailed analysis of existing definitions is conducted, revealing their shortcomings and limitations within specific legal fields. The author substantiates the need for developing a general theoretical concept of «legal voting» to standardize terminology and improve legal regulation. The article proposes an original definition and concludes by emphasizing its importance for both legal theory and practice. Keywords: legal voting, definition of voting, vote definition, social nature of voting, legalization of voting, voting principles, legal regulation For citation: Leonova T. A. Defining the concept of legal voting. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:18–28 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The author has attempted to analyze domestic legislation in the field of transport relations, as well as the law enforcement practice that develops on its basis. Noting the rapid development of this industry and the need for consolidated legal regulation based on a unified approach, omissions have been identified in terms of the lack of unification of both the fundamental principles of legal influence in the field of transport and terminological systems within a specific type: air transport, water, rail, land, etc. Based on a set of cognitive methods, the key of which was dialectical, based on a formal legal approach, methods of interpretation, the hypothesis about the need for a scientifically based, needs-oriented practice of unification of transport law is argued. Possible options (models) for ordering the regulatory array are considered, and risks are predicted. Keywords: unification, systematization, codification, transport law, legal technology For citation: Repyev A. G. Theory of unification of transport law: possible models and technical and legal difficulties. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:29–34 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article analyzes the epistemic justifications of democracy, and suggests their classification into two types. It is stated, that the existing epistemic theories of democracy are based, as a rule, on two effects, which can be described as a "miracle of aggregation" in a broad sense. The first is demonstrated by the Condorcet jury theorem, in connection with which the author analyzes the views of researchers such as R. Goodin and K. Spiekermann; the second is the formula "diversity trumps ability", in connection with which the author analyzes the views of researchers such as H. Landemore, L. Hong and S. Page. The author of the article analyzes the prerequisites under which each of these effects works, and thereby identifies morally significant factors to be proven in the debate on democracy. Keywords: democracy, epistemic theory of democracy, Condorcet, jury theorem, miracle of aggregation, wisdom of the crowd For citation: Shaveko N. A. Two ways of epistemic justification of democracy. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai law journal. 2025;2:35–41 (In Russ.).

Abstract: This article provides a definition of the category «typical normative legal act of a federal government body». The most controversial features of this normative legal act are presented and considered. The meaning and importance of the preamble of a normative legal act of a federal executive body are determined. Doctrinal positions on this issue are considered. Scientific points of view and practice of application of various forms (types) of normative legal acts by federal government bodies in the implementation of their activities are studied. Particular attention is paid to such features as: presence of legal norms (rules of conduct) in a normative legal act; adoption (publication) of an act in a certain form (type); legal force of a normative legal act of a federal government body. Keywords: normative legal act, legal act, typical normative legal act, preamble, hierarchy of normative legal acts, forms (types) of normative legal acts, federal state authority For citation: Asanova А. А. Concept and characteristics of a typical normative legal act of a federal state authority body. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:42–50 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article analyzes the historical stages of the formation and development of the units of the district police officers and patrol guards of the Soviet period. The researchers are of the opinion that district police officers perform certain functions that are also characteristic of employees of combatant units of the patrol and guard service of the police. The prospects for optimizing the joint activities of the services under consideration in the framework of preventive work, including in ensuring law and order and public safety in the residential sector, are considered, which becomes particularly relevant in the context of a significant shortage of personnel in the units of internal affairs agencies. Keywords: administrative district, police commissioner, law-violation For citation: Grishakov A. G., Popova O. O., Fedjaev E. A. Optimization of the activities of district police officer and patrol and guard service of the police through the unification of individual powers: using the example of a retrospective analysis of the activities of the Soviet militia. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:51–61 (In Russ.).

Abstract. In the article, by analyzing the norms of domestic legislation on administrative offenses, judicial practice, statistical data on administrative fines imposed for violations of traffic rules over the past five years and the views of researchers in the field of administrative responsibility, the essence of administrative punishment in the form of a fine is revealed, its features and differences from other administrative legal sanctions are highlighted, which emphasizes its ambiguity and relevance among means of crime prevention. At the same time, the author examines controversial issues and finds adequate solutions to problems when comparing the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Russian legislation on administrative offenses. Attention is focused on the interpretation and content of Articles 35 (Part 3) and 55 (Part 3) of the Basic Law of Russia. Keywords: administrative fine, special proceedings in cases of administrative offenses, replaceability of an administrative fine, basic amount or monthly calculation index, consent of the offender For citation: Dyadkin O. N. On the demand for administrative fines and problems of the effectiveness of its implementation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:62–67 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article reveals the actual problem of the formation of destructive subcultures among young people, the influence of these communities on young people in the context of digitalization. The work comprehensively examines the principles of information security culture, as well as the mechanisms of its development. The subjects of information security culture formation are identified, their legal status is determined, and the role of the police as the main subject of this activity is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the directions of development of the activity under consideration, the problems it faces are formulated, as well as ways to solve them are proposed. The research materials are based on scientific developments on this topic, statistical data, the results of sociological surveys and expert assessments, which gives it high scientific and practical significance for specialists in the field of law. Keywords: digitalization, destructive groups, the Internet, youth, information security culture, police, police administrative activities, prevention For citation: Zhukov V. G. Formation of an information security culture as the main direction of police administrative activities to prevent involvement in destructive youth subcultures in the digital environment. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:68–73 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The legal aspect of the position of the "Complex: barracks of the Barnaul Rifle Regiment" located on the territory of the Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has been established. The analysis of regulatory documents regulating the right of access to cultural property in the Russian Federation and regional legal documents regulating relations related to the object under study is carried out. The article considers doctrinal approaches to determining the essence of the right to access cultural property and criteria for limiting such rights. The study showed that there is a legal uncertainty in the implementation of the constitutional right to access cultural heritage sites located in the territory with limited access by citizens. The author has made proposals to ensure the implementation of the constitutional right of access to the "Complex: barracks of the Barnaul Rifle Regiment". Keywords: law, cultural values, object of cultural heritage, complex: barracks of the Barnaul rifle regiment, exercise of constitutional rights For citation: Zubenko J. S. Implementation of the constitutional right to access cultural values (using the example of the "Complex: barracks of the Barnaul Rifle Regiment" in Barnaul Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia). Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:74–80 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of constitutional and legal regulation of the independence of the judiciary and its interaction with the legislative and executive branches to ensure the balance of the state and legal structure using the example of foreign countries. The article suggests that constitutional and legal regulation, with all its significant importance for ensuring the independence of the court, does not guarantee the existence of a really high and independent status of the court in a particular country. The real independence of the judiciary is connected with the mechanisms of separation of powers in a given country, with the cultural and historical features of the state and the existing political situation in it. The author's proposals are made to level the shortcomings of the constitutional and legal regulation of modern judicial systems. Keywords: independence of the judiciary, justice, separation of powers, democracy, constitutionalization. For citation: Konovalova L. G. Independence of the judiciary and its interaction with the legislative and executive branches to ensure the balance of the state and legal structure: constitutional and legal regulation in foreign countries. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:81–92 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article is devoted to the consideration of administrative procedures applied during the conduct of an administrative investigation, which is a relevant topic within the framework of modern legal regulation. The author delves into the study of problems associated with the legal regulation of procedural actions that are performed during an administrative investigation. Attention is paid not only to existing shortcomings, but also to the issues of forming clear and effective norms, which will contribute to the improvement of the administrative justice system. In addition, the article proposes a situational approach to determining the effectiveness of an administrative investigation, which allows analyzing the process taking into account the conditions and circumstances. In general, the work is aimed at developing scientific approaches to the study of administrative procedures and can be useful for both the scientific community and practitioners in the field of law. Keywords: administrative procedures, allegorisms of procedural actions, administrative investigation, officials, administrative proceedings For citation: Smirnov I. A. Study of stages of administrative investigation: from theory to practice. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:93–97 (In Russ.).

Annotation. This paper substantiates the administrative and legal essence of the information obtained using the smart city system for the purposes of its use in proceedings on administrative offenses. Special attention in this study is paid to the definition of existing types of information in the smart city system, as well as to the discussion of the possibilities and features of their use as evidence. Some aspects related to the evaluation of such evidence in the proceedings on administrative offenses are being clarified. The perspective of the theoretical substantiation of the legal content of the category "digital evidence" is noted. Keywords: digital evidence, digital data, administrative offenses, application of evidence, factual data, evaluation of evidence, digital environment, digital transformation For citation: Terekhov M. G. The use of information obtained using the smart city system in proving cases of administrative offenses. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:98–104 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article is devoted to the problems of criminal behavior of a person with mental disorders on the verge between the norm and pathology, these disorders are designated as mental anomalies. It shows which anomalies and how they affect personality psychology, how they manifest themselves in the commission of crimes. Mental anomalies are significant in the formation of mental dependence on one's own drives. The author suggests that such significance may arise not under the influence of mental anomalies, but under the influence of the unconscious. The main types of mental dependence and its signs are named and considered. The author's understanding of the unconscious is proposed. Keywords: mental anomalies, mental dependence, sanity, insanity, free will, the unconscious For citation: Antonjan Ju. M. Mental anomalies and mental addictions in criminal behavior. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:105–109 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article is devoted to improving the effectiveness of verbal investigative actions with people suffering from mental retardation. Attention is drawn to the fact that persons with mental retardation, in the vast majority of cases, are recognized as sane, but have specific psychological characteristics that require adaptation of investigative tactics. The importance of the problem is confirmed by the opinion of practitioners: during the survey, the heads of investigative departments and investigators pointed out the lack of methodological recommendations for working with people suffering from mental disorders, despite the existing need. The key result of the work is the identification and justification of practically significant tactical techniques for the effective conduct of verbal investigative actions that take into account the cognitive and psychological characteristics of people with mental retardation and are aimed at obtaining reliable testimony. Keywords: criminalistics, mental retardation, verbal investigative actions, interrogation tactics, tactical technique, forensic psychiatric examination For citation: Gordeev D. S. Features of the use of tactical techniques in the production of verbal investigative actions with persons suffering from mental retardation. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:110–116 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The author analyzes the norms of the law and the positions of the Russian criminal procedure doctrine regarding the understanding, essence, and list of (possible) grounds for the prosecutor to return a criminal case to an investigative body according to the norms of paragraph 2, Part 1, Article 221 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Based on the implemented research, the conclusions about the appropriate subject and the immediate tasks of the prosecutor's assessment at this stage are substantiated as an independent stage of the process. Assessing the factual grounds for returning the case to the investigative body, the author critically evaluates the positions of the criminal procedure doctrine, in fact, which the legislator in the norms of paragraph 2, part 1, Article 221 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (allegedly) fixed a single, "generalizing" basis solely for the prosecutor's decision to send the case for additional investigation. On the contrary, the author proves the differentiation and teleological independence of the grounds for additional investigation of the returned case, as well as the grounds related to the elimination of violations of the law or identified shortcomings in the investigation. As a result, an agreed system of innovations related to the system and evaluation criteria is justified and proposed for an accurate understanding of each of the grounds for returning the case to the investigating authority. Keywords: prosecutor, subject and objectives of the assessment, indictment, differentiation of grounds, additional investigation, violations of the law For citation: Druzhinkin N. S. On the concept and differentiation of grounds for the prosecutor to return a criminal case to the investigator. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:117–124 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The relevance of the research topic is due to the problem of the correlation between the law enforcement officer's summary of the subject's awareness of an intentional crime and its objective imputation. It is quite problematic to determine the line between the presumption that a person is aware of the signs of an intentional crime and objective imputation. The article presents contradictions in judicial practice in the qualification of crimes; The relevant part analyzes the issues of presuming awareness of the signs of a crime in the practice of applying foreign criminal legislation and draws an analogy with domestic industry legislation; the opinions of representatives of the doctrine of criminal law are examined. The author substantiates the opposition between the presumption of a person's awareness of the signs of an intentional crime and objective imputation, and provides criteria for their differentiation. Keywords: awareness, signs, intentional crime, guilt, objective imputation, qualification For citation: Kvasnikov E. S. Is there a presumption that the perpetrator is aware of the signs of an intentional crime or an objective imputation? Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:125–133 (In Russ.).

Abstract. In the process of conducting the study of chemical terrorism, attention is focused on the fact that in recent years, cases of terrorists using dangerous chemical substances to commit attacks have increased. It is for this reason that at present it is becoming a real threat to the national security of our country, significantly exceeding in its scale the possibilities of using other types of weapons for acts of terrorism. In conclusion, it is concluded that objective assessments of potential terrorist threats give grounds to assert that in the near future there is a high probability of the use of dangerous highly toxic chemicals by international terrorists to commit terrorist attacks. The fight against international chemical terrorism should be based on immediate counter-terrorism actions. Counteracting acts of chemical terrorism should be a comprehensive process that plays a fundamental role in ensuring the protection of the population and guaranteeing national security. At the same time, it is important to optimize the training of police officers in this area of activity. Keywords: international terrorism, hazardous chemicals, chemical terrorism, crime prevention, antiterrorist security measures For citation: Kobets P. N. Optimization of work to combat manifestations of international chemical terrorism. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:134–140 (In Russ.)

Abstract. The article reflects the need to optimize the process of constructing sanctions for composite crimes. When improving legislation in the field of regulation of a composite crime, it is important to develop an effective punishment system that would be fair and correspond to the severity of the crime committed. The author uses a systematic and mathematical approach, as well as a comparative analysis of various ways of constructing sanctions. As a result, three conditional groups of constructions of sanctions for composite crimes are identified, their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. The main factors that must be taken into account by the legislator when choosing the method of creating a sanction are identified: compliance of the punishment with the severity of the crime, observance of the principles of justice, proportionality and expediency of the types of punishment. Some proposals are outlined to improve the structures of sanctions for composite crimes, through which justice and effectiveness can be ensured. Keywords: sanctions for composite crimes, construction of sanctions, rules of construction, composite crime, sentencing, fine For citation: Medvedeva V. V. Features of constructing the sanction of a composite crimes. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:141–147 (In Russ.)

Аbstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the forensic characteristics of fraud committed using online classifieds services. The author proposes a structural and information model that includes such elements as methods and means of committing a crime, the identity and motivation of the offender, the environment of the crime, the identity of the victim, the object of the criminal offense, traces and the mechanism of trace formation. Particular attention is paid to the relationships between the elements and their practical significance for organizing an effective investigation. The significance of the environment of the crime as a key element of the forensic characteristics is emphasized, which should be understood as a set of spatial-functional and communication conditions inherent in cyberspace. The rejection of the traditional element - the environment of the crime - is justified due to its limited applicability to the category of acts under consideration. Keywords: forensic characteristics of crimes, remote fraud, internet services for posting ads, structural elements, cybernetic space, virtual traces, investigation methodology, crime environment For citation: Pautov S. S. Structure of forensic characteristics of fraud committed using internet advertisement services. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:148–157 (In Russ.)

Abstract. In the past few years, the number of crimes committed in the information business has increased in Russia. The establishment of the «first place» of such criminal activity and further investigation is impossible without a detailed study of economic and criminal schemes in the field of information business. Crimes in the field of economic activity have their own specifics, which necessitates the consideration of not just “crime schemes”, but “economic and criminal schemes”. The latter include the existing economic conditions in the relevant field of activity, the peculiarities of regulatory regulation, which predetermine the systemic nature of the actions of the subject of criminal activity to obtain illegal income. Based on the analysis of investigative and judicial practice, the provisions of the forensic methodology, the criteria for classifying economic and criminal schemes of criminal activity are identified, which make it possible to determine their structure: external expression of criminal activity; characteristics of information sold; form of information provision; main types of products media image of the organizer and activities in general; organizational and legal form of activity; applicable taxation system. The combination of the proposed criteria makes it possible to determine the types and structure of economic and criminal schemes in the field of information business: the sale of non-existent courses; the use of the information business to carry out criminal activities in another area; sale of imaginary educational services; carrying out educational activities without a license; sale of near-scientific knowledge. The author formulated the definition of the term “economic and criminal scheme in the field of information business”. Key words: information business, method of crime, criminal activity, economic and criminal scheme For citation: Pirozhenkov A. S. Concept and structure of economic and criminal schemes in the field of information business. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:158–163 (In Russ.).

Abstract. The article is devoted to the consideration of typical models of the mechanism of extremist crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies. The analysis is carried out between such terms as: criminalistic characteristics, the doctrine of the mechanism of crime and typical models of crime. Based on the materials of criminal cases studied, the author identifies three typical models of the mechanism of crimes of digital extremist crimes that have theoretical and applied significance: a model of verbal and non-verbal extremist crimes, a model of financing extremist activities, as well as a model of organizing and participating in extremist activities. Keywords: extremist crimes committed with the use of information and telecommunication technologies, typical models of crime mechanism, methodology of crime investigation, the doctrine of crime mechanism For citation: Redozubov K. A. Typical models of the mechanism of extremist crimes committed through the use of information and telecommunication technologies. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:164–173 (In Russ.)

Abstract. The article examines the specifics of the qualification of forgery related to the objective and subjective elements corpus of the crime. A study of the subject of the crime provided for in Article 292 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has shown that the absence of clear criteria for establishing the signs of an official document in the clarifications of the Supreme court of Russia № 24 dated July 9, 2013, leads to the fact that the positions of theory and law enforcement practice regarding the attribution of a document to an official one differ. In addition, the ambivalence of the interpretation of the definition of «introduction» requires the law enforcement officer in each individual case of a crime to establish the competence of the person set out in the regulatory documents. The work reflects issues related to criminal liability of persons in situations where one official is involved in drafting an official document and another is involved in certifying it, as well as when the head of an organization instructs a subordinate to commit official forgery. Keywords: qualification of crimes, crimes against state power, interests of public service and service in local self-government bodies, official forgery For citation: Shaganova O. M., Derevyanskayа T. P. Features of the qualification of official forgery. Altajskij juridicheskij vestnik = Altai Law Journal. 2025;2:174–180 (In Russ.)